A prominent feature of large corporations is that the owners (the stakeholders) are usually not directly involved in making business decisions, particularly on a day-to-day basis. Instead, the corporation employs managers to symbolize the owners’ interests and make decisions on their behalf. The financial manager, in a large corporation, must be concerned with the solutions of the three major decisions a firm must make - the investment decision, the financing decision and the working capital management decision.
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The first decision concerns the firm’s long-term investments. The process of planning and managing the firm’s long-term investments is called capital budgeting. In capital budgeting, the financial manager will try to indentify investment opportunities that are worth more to the firm than their cost to acquire. Loosely speaking, this means that the value of the cash flow generated by an asset should exceed the cost of the asset acquired by the firm.